Q1. Define Resources.

Q2. Define resources classified on the basis of Exhaustibility.

Q3. Define National and International resources.

Q4. Define Stock and Reserve.

Q5. Define Sustainable Development.

Q6. Write a short note on Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit, 1992.

Q7. What is Agenda 21.

Q8. What is resource planning?

Q9. What are the three main points of the resource planning in India?

Q10. "Land is one of the most important natural resources". Justify the statement.

Q11. India comprises of many types of land forms, explain.

Q12. Write a short note on land utilization in India.

Q13. According to National Forest Policy (1952), what percentage of forest cover is essential to maintain ecological balance?

Q14. Write the various reasons for the degradation of land.

Q15. What different measures can be taken to control land degradation?

Q16. Highlight few points indicating Land Use Pattern in India:

Q17. "In India, different states have different reasons for the degradation of land" Justify the statement.

Q18. What different measures can be taken to control land degradation?

Q19. Define Soil.

Q20. Draw a diagram to show the soil profile.

Q21. What are the different factors responsible for the formation of Soil?

Q22. Name the major types of soils found in India.

Q23. Write a short note of Alluvial Soil.

Q24. What is Soil erosion?

Q25. What are the different factors responsible for the soil erosion?

Q26. Mention some of the methods used for conservation of soil.

 

 

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CHAPTER 1 - RESOURCE AND DEVELOPMENT

Very Short Answer Questions: 7 x 1 = 07
Q1. In which two states deforestation due to mining has caused land degradation?
Q2. In which type of energy is the state of Rajasthan rich in?
Q3. What is the mountain share in the total land area of India?
Q4. When was the concept of sustainable development discussed for the first time?
Q5. What is a bad land?
Q6. Which term is used to identify the old and new alluvial respectively?
Q7. What are Pastures?

Short Answer Questions: 6 x 3 = 18
Q8. What type of soil is found in the river deltas of eastern coast? Give three main features of this type of soil.
Q9. How have technical and economic development led to more consumption of resources?
Q10. How can we transform materials available in the environment?
Q11. What is Agenda 21 and write are its objectives?
Q12. What is soil erosion? Describe two types of soil erosion.
Q13. Distinguish between resources on the basis of Ownership.

Large Answer Questions: 5 x 5 = 25
Q14. Explain land use pattern in India and why the land under forest has not increased much since 1980-90.
Q15. Land is utilized for various purposes, explain.
Q16. Explain the factors responsible for the formation of soil.
Q17. Explain any five measures of soil conservation.
Q18. Using examples show the classification of resources with the help of a diagram.

 

CHAPTER 3 - WATER RESOURCE

Very Short Answer Questions: 7 x 1 = 07
Q1. What are Inundation channels?
Q2. What is Dam? Give example.
Q3. How much of the surface of the Earth is covered with water? What is the percentage of non-saline in it?
Q4. According to a Swedish expert when scarcity of water occurs?
Q5. How does afforestation in the catchment areas of rivers help?
Q6. What is rain water harvesting?
Q7. Name the region of India which suffers from water scarcity even it is very near to the highest rainfall region of the world?

Short Answer Questions: 6 x 3 = 18
Q8. Explain hoe water becomes a renewable resource?
Q9. Mention three major sources of irrigation in India? Which source of irrigation is most popular in southern states and why?
Q10. "Scarcity of water may be due to bad quality of water." comment.
Q11. Why interstate conflicts over water are becoming common in the modern world?
Q12. What were the different methods of traditional rain-water harvesting?
Q13. How does increasing number of industries exert pressure on existing fresh water resources?

Large Answer Questions: 5 x 5 = 25
Q14. Explain multipurpose river dam projects? Give an account of any four hydraulic structures of ancient India.
Q15. What are tankas? What is its significance?
Q16. What are the ill effects of irrigation? How is it responsible for transforming social landscape?
Q17. Mention any five advantages of multipurpose river dam projects.
Q18. "Need of the hour is to conserve and manage our water resources." Mention any three reasons. Suggest any two ways to conserve water.

 

CHAPTER 4 – AGRICULTURE

Very Short Answer Questions: 7 x 1 = 07
Q1. What is the other name of Operation Flood?
Q2. Name any two agro based industries.
Q3. India is the largest producer as well as the consumer of the world in.
Q4. What is the other name of package technology?
Q5. On what physical factors does shifting agriculture depend?
Q6. Which crop is used as both food and fodder?
Q7. Name some of the major oilseeds produced in India.

Short Answer Questions: 6 x 3 = 18
Q8. Mention any three characteristics of Primitive subsistence farming.
Q9. Highlight any six reasons why an Indian farmer does not want his son to become a farmer.
Q10. Describe the cropping patterns prevalent in India.
Q11. "Green Revolution has made India self-reliant in the production of food grain." List the characteristics of Green Revolution.
Q12. Mention the factors which have influenced the change in the methods of cultivation.
Q13. Describe the geographical conditions required for Rubber plantation.

Large Answer Questions: 5 x 5 = 25
Q14. Define agriculture? Describe any four features of Indian agriculture.
Q15. Describe the features of Tea and Coffee plantation in India.
Q16. Mention any five geographical conditions required for the growth of rice in India.
Q17.Mention important technological and institutional reforms introduced in India after independence in the 1980s and 1990s.
Q18. Describe any five features of the Bloodless Revolution.

 

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Q1. What is Palar Pani"?
Ans: In the arid and semi-arid regions of Rajasthan, rainwater is considered as the purest form of natural water, this rain water is commonly known as Palar Pani.

Q2. Explain how water becomes a renewable resource.
Ans: Three-fourth of the earth's surface is covered with water, but only a small proportion of it is freshwater that can be used. This freshwater is mainly obtained from surface run off and ground water that is continually being renewed and recharged through the hydrological cycle or the water cycle. In this cycle majorly three processes that takes place, i.e. Evaporation, condensation and precipitation. The process of water cycle is never ending thus making water a renewable resource.

Q3. Mention some of the facts and figures about water.
Ans: Following are some of the facts and figures about water
(a) Out of total volume of water on earth; 97.5% exists in oceans and seas.
(b) About 2.5% of total water is available as freshwater.
(c) 70% of total freshwater is present as frozen ice in icebergs and glaciers.
(d) A little less than 30% of total freshwater is stored as groundwater.
(e) India receives about 4% of global precipitation.
(f) India ranks 133rd in the world in terms of water availability per person per annum.
(g) The total renewable water resources in India are estimated at 1,897 sq km per annum.
(h) It is predicted that large parts of India will join regions with absolute water scarcity; by 2025.

Q4. Explain the following:
(a) Bamboo Drip Irrigation System
(b) Guls & Kuls
(c) Khadins & Johads
Ans:
(a) Bamboo Drip Irrigation System: Bamboo drip irrigation system is a 200 year old system of tapping stream and spring water by using bamboo pipe. Bamboo drip irrigation system is practiced in Meghalaya.

(b) Guls & Kuls: In Western Himalayas people build diversion channels like 'Guls' or 'Kuls' for the agricultural purpose.

(c) Khadins & Johads: In the arid and semi-arid regions, agricultural fields were converted into rain fed storage structures that allowed the water to sand and moisten the soil, these water storage structures are known as Khadins in Jaisalmer (Rajasthan) and Johads in other parts of Rajasthan.

Q5. What is water scarcity and what are its main causes?
Ans: Scarcity of water means shortage of water or in other words if the demand of water is much more than the supply of water; it leads to Scarcity of water. Some of the causes for water scarcity are:
(a) Overpopulation.
(b) Urbanization.
(c) Industrialization.
(d) Increase in agricultural production.
(e) Over-exploitation and mismanagement of water.
(f) Water Pollution.
(g) Variation in the seasonal and annual precipitation.

Q6. What are the main purposes of constructing multipurpose river dam projects?
Ans: Following are some of the main purposes of multipurpose river dam projects:
(a) Generating Hydroelectricity.
(b) Flood Control.
(c) Development of Pisciculture.
(d) Water for agricultural use: Irrigation.
(e) Water for domestic usage.
(f) Water for Industrial usage.
(g) Soil conservation.
(h) Development of tourism.

Q7. What is the need for water conservation? Suggest some of the measures to conserve water resources.
Ans: Water is one of the most important natural resource; following are some of the reasons why water conservation is must:
(a) Water resource is limited.
(b) Water is unevenly distributed.
(c) Population is growing rapidly, so is the demand of water.
(d) Agriculture depends on water.
(e) Water plays a very vital role in the industrial sector.

Some of the measures to be taken for the conservation of water:
(a) Educating the people to avoid the over usage and wastage of water.
(b) Rain water harvesting.
(c) Constructing more water storage reservoirs.
(d) Linking of rivers, so that the water can be transferred from one to another.
(e) Interstate water disputes must be resolved.
(f) Government should take serious steps to check water mafia's.

Q8.Usage of tankas is very common in the state of Rajasthan. Mention some of the features of these 'tankas' built in the houses of Bikaner and Phalodi.
Ans:
(a) The tankas could be as large as a big room; household in Phalodi had a tank that was 6.1 meters deep, 4.27 meters long and 2.44 meters wide.
(b) The tankas were part of the well-developed rooftop rainwater harvesting system and were built inside the main house or the courtyard.
(c) They were connected to the roofs of the houses through pipes.
(d) Rain water from the rooftops travel down the pipes and finally is stored in these underground tankas.
(e) The first spell of rain is usually not collected as this cleans the roofs and the pipes. The rainwater from the subsequent showers is then collected in the tankas.
(f) The collected water is then used whenever there is water shortage.

Q9. Compare the advantages and disadvantages of multi-purpose river projects.
Ans:

Q10. On the map of India locate dam's alongwith the rivers.
(A) Salal
(B) Bhakra Nangal
(C) Tehri
(D) Rana Pratap Sagar
(E) Sardar Sarovar
(F) Hirakud
(G) Nagarjuna Sagar
(H) Tungabhadra.

Ans: Refer the map given in the book and locate.

 

 

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Q1. Define: (a) Adolescence      (b) Census      (c) Death Rate      (d) Birth Rate
Ans:
(a) Adolescence: Adolescence is a period in which a person is no longer a child and not yet an adult. Such persons are grouped in the age group of 10 to 19 years.

(b) Census: The official collection of population data by all means is known as Census. This is conducted once in ten years. In 1872, first population census of India was conducted, but the first complete census was conducted in 1881. Currently, we are following 2011 census, this is the fifteenth census starting from 1872.

(c) Death Rate: The number of deaths per 1000 persons is called death rate.

(d) Birth Rate: The number of live births per 1000 persons is called birth rate.

Q2. What is age structure or age composition?
Ans: Number of people in different age groups in country is called age structure or age composition of the population. Population of a nation is generally grouped into three broad categories:
(a) Children (Below 15 years of age): Economically unproductive and needs to be provided with the necessities of life (food, cloth, education, etc.)
(b) Working age (15 – 59 years): Economically and biologically productive
(c) Aged (Above 59 years of age): They can be economically productive even after retirement.

Q3. What are the three major aspects of population study?
Ans: The three major questions to be answered when we study about population are:
(a) Population Size and Distribution.
(b) Population Growth and Process of Population Change.
(c) Characteristics or qualities of the population.

Q4. What is meant by sex ratio? Give reasons for low sex ratio in India.
Ans: Number of female per thousand male is called sex ratio. Following are some of the reasons (mindset of the people) for low sex ratio in India:
(a) Girls in India are taken as a liability, one day she will get married and leave the house; Parents have to pay a huge dowry.
(b) Safety and security is a great concern for family.
(c) India is a male dominated country.
(d) Female Feticide, girl child are killed before her birth.
(e) Females often face Malnutrition, leading to ill health.

Q5. Why is the rate of population growth in India declining since 1981?
Ans: The rate of population growth in India is declining since 1981 because:
(a) The family planning programme initiated by the government made a great impact on the mindset of the people.
(b) Educational programmes have improved the literacy rate helping in increasing the awareness about the benefits of smaller family size.
(c) Parents became aware and wanted to give better quality of life to their children, i.e. good education, food, clothing, health, etc

Q6. What is the relation between occupational structure and development?
Ans: Occupational structure has got a great impact on the development of any country. In India more than 60% of the population is engaged in the agricultural activities and thus, are still dependent on the primary sector for employment, which is one of the reasons for lack of development in India. The developed nations suggest that when a greater portion of population engages in secondary and tertiary activities, it leads to great development.

Q7. What are the advantages of having a healthy population?
Ans: It is rightly said, a healthy mind resides in a healthy body. Human resource is the most important resource for the development of a country. A healthy population helps in building a productive workforce for the country. If the health of the population is properly looked after, people can put in more number of working hours and thus, the production level of the country can be increased. Even the non-productive age group needs to be healthy to reduce the burden of healthcare. Healthy children would grow into healthy adults and would be able to contribute better in the economy. Healthy elders would mean less drain on the resources.

Q8. What is migration? How migration leads to population change?
Ans: Movement of people from one place to another; in search of livelihood is called migration. Migration can be classified into two:
(a) Migration within the country is called internal migration.
(b) Migration between two countries is called international migration.
Internal migration has no change on population size but it changes the population composition of a particular area. International migration can lead to a growth or decline in population; depending on the degree of immigration and emigration.
In India, Poverty and lack of employment opportunities in rural areas work as 'push' factors which result in migration to urban areas. Better employment opportunities in urban areas work as 'pull' factors for migration. Due to increased migration towards urban areas, the share of urban population has increased from 17.29% in 1951 to 27.78% in 2001.

Q9. What are the significant features of the National Population Policy 2000?
Ans: The new national population policy of 2000 was announced by the Government of India, its main features are:
(a) Redress the unmet needs for basic reproductive and child health services, supplies and infrastructure.
(b) Free and compulsory school education up to age 14, for both boys and girls.
(c) Reduce infant mortality rate to below 30 per 1000 live births.
(d) Reduce maternal mortality ratio to below 100 per 100,000 live births.
(e) Achieve universal immunization of children against all vaccine preventable diseases.
(f) Promote delayed marriage for girls, not earlier than age 18 and preferably after 20 years of age.
(g) Achieve 80 per cent institutional deliveries and 100 percent deliveries by trained persons.
(h) Making family welfare a people centered programme.
(i) Preventing and controlling transmissible diseases.

Q10. Map Work (As per 2011 Census)
(A) Densely populated state of India
(B) Less populated state of India
(C) The state of highest density of population
(D) The state of lowest density of population
(E) The state of highest literacy rate
(F) The state of lowest literacy rate
(G) The state of highest sex ratio
(H) The state of lowest sex ratio
Ans:
(A) Densely populated state of India - Uttar Pradesh
(B) Less populated state of India - Sikkim
(C) The state of highest density of population - Bihar
(D) The state of lowest density of population - Arunachal Pradesh
(E) The state of highest literacy rate - Kerala
(F) The state of lowest literacy rate - Bihar
(G) The state of highest sex ratio - Kerala
(H) The state of lowest sex ratio - Haryana

 

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Q1. Define Virgin Vegetation.
Ans: The vegetation which has been left undisturbed by humans for a long time is called virgin vegetation. The virgin vegetation, which are purely Indian are known as endemic or indigenous species but those which have come from outside India are termed as exotic plants.

Q2. Define an ecosystem.
Ans: All the plants and animals in an area are interdependent on each other. The plants and animals, along with their physical environment make the ecosystem. Interrelation between plants and animals in the natural environment is called Ecosystem.

Q3. What factors are responsible for the distribution of plants and animals in India?
Ans: Factors responsible for the distribution of plants and animals in India are:
(a) Relief: Land and soil
(b) Climate: Temperature, Humidity, Photoperiod and Precipitation.

Q4. What is a bio-reserve? Name the four biosphere reserves in India which have been included in the world network of Biosphere reserves.
Ans: A biosphere reserve is an area of land or water that is protected by law in order to support the conservation of ecosystems, as well as the sustainability of mankind's impact on the environment.
Four biosphere reserves in India which have been included in the world network of Biosphere reserves are:
(a) Sunderbans in West Bengal
(b) Nanda Devi in Uttaranchal,
(c) The Gulf of Mannar in Tamil Nadu
(d) The Nilgiris (Kerala, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu).

Q5. Quite a few species of plants and animals are endangered in India. Why?
Ans: Species of some plants and animals are on the verge of extinction as their population has decreased considerably. Such species are known as "Endangered Species".
Following are the reasons behind species becoming endangered:
(a) Increase in population.
(b) Urbanization and Industrialization.
(c) Large scale deforestation.
(d) Pollution.
(e) Hunting for pleasure and commercial purpose, etc.

Q6. Name different types of Vegetation found in India and describe the vegetation of high altitudes.
Ans: There are five major types of vegetation in India: Tropical Rainforests, Tropical Deciduous Forests, Tropical Thorn Forests and Scrubs, Montane Forests and Mangrove Forests.

Montane Forest:
(a) The forests in the mountainous areas are called montane forest.
(b) Different types of vegetation are found at different altitudes in the mountains.
     (i) The wet temperate type of forest is found between a height of 1000 and 2000 meter. Evergreen broad-leaf             trees such as oak and chestnut abound in such forests.
     (ii) Between the heights of 1500 and 3000 meters, Coniferous trees; like Pine, Deodar, Silver Fir, Cedar, etc.              are found.
     (iii) At the height of 3600 meters, alpine vegetation is found; such as Silver Fir, Junipers, Pines, Birches, etc.               are found.
     (iv) At the higher altitude Tundra vegetations are found; such as Mosses and Lichens.
(c) Kashmir Stag, Wild Sheep, Yak, Snow Leopard, Bear, Rare Red Panda, etc. are the common animals in these forests.

Q7. Distinguish between Tropical Thorn Forests and Scrubs Forest and Mangrove Forests.
Ans:

 

Q8. Distinguish between Tropical Evergreen Forest and Deciduous Forests.

Ans:

 

Q9. In India, what are the various steps taken to conserve forest and wildlife?
Ans: Following are few steps that have been taken to conserve forest and wildlife:
(a) National Forest Policy framed by the government should be implemented.
(b) National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries, Bioreserves, Botanical Gardens have been setup.
(c) Special Projects (E.g. Project Tiger, Project Elephant, etc.).
(d) Celebration of Van Mahotsav. Every National festival is followed by tree plantation ceremony.
(e) Controlling of deforestation and overgrazing. Large scale afforestation or planting of tress is undertaken.
(f) Social Awareness Programmes to be implemented.
(g) Wildlife Protection Act 1972.

 Q10. On the outline map of India, label the following:
(A) Four Biosphere reserves in India, included in the world network of Biosphere reserves.
(B) Two National Parks each in Northern parts of the Country.
(C) Two National Parks each in Southern parts of the Country.
(D) Two National Parks each in Eastern parts of the Country.
(E) Two National Parks each in Western parts of the Country.
Ans:

 

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