Q1. Define minerals.
Ans: A naturally occurring substance that has a definite chemical composition is known as a mineral.

Q2. Name the leading producers of petroleum in the world.
Ans: The leading producers of petroleum in the world are Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia and Qatar. The other major producers are USA, Russia, Venezuela, and Algeria.
The leading producers in India are Digboi in Assam, Bombay High in Mumbai and the deltas of Krishna and Godavari rivers.

Q3. What are the main characteristics of minerals?
Ans: The three main characteristics of minerals are:
(a) Minerals are present in impure form and it takes millions of year to form these minerals.
(b) Minerals are unevenly distributed throughout the world.
(c) Minerals are non-renewable 'exhaustible' resources.

Q4. Mention the distribution of minerals in North America.
Ans: The mineral deposits in North America are located in three zones:
(a) Canadian Shield - Iron ore, Nickel, Gold, Uranium and Copper.
(b) Appalachian Region – Coal
(c) Western Cordilleras - Copper, Lead, Zinc, Gold and Silver.

Q5. Why minerals are considered as an important asset to mankind?
Ans: Minerals are considered as an important asset to mankind, because of the following reasons:
(a) Backbone of Industries.
(b) Necessary for the production of all types of tools, machines, implements, etc.
(c) Construction Work.
(d) Maintain health of the people.
(e) Manufacturing of jewellery, utensils, etc.

Q6. Explain the methods of mineral extraction.
Ans: Minerals can be extracted by Mining, Drilling and Quarrying.
(a) Mining: The process of taking out minerals from rocks buried under the earth's surface is called mining.
     (i) Open Cast Mining: Minerals that lie at shallow depths are taken out by removing the surface layer is known as "Open Cast Mining".
     (ii) Shaft Mining: Deep bores, called shafts, have to be made to reach mineral deposits that lie at great depth; this is known as "Shaft Mining".
(b) Drilling: Petroleum and natural gas occur far below the earth's surface. Deep wells are bored to take them out; this is called "Drilling".
(c) Quarrying: Minerals that lie near the earth's surface are simply dug out by the process known as "Quarrying".

Q7. How can we conserve minerals and power minerals?
Ans: Population growth, urbanization and industrialization have increased the consumption of minerals and power minerals to a greatest extent in the 21st century and there is a serious need for the conservation of minerals. Following are the different ways of conserving minerals:
(a) We can make use of energy efficient equipments.
(b) Looking for alternative sources of energy.
(c) Recycling of minerals.
(d) Optimum utilization of minerals.
(e) Improvement in the techniques of extraction and purification of minerals.

Q8. Write a note on the distribution of minerals in India: (a) Iron     (b) Bauxite     (c) Mica
Ans:
(a) Iron: India has deposits of high grade iron ore. The mineral is found mainly in Jharkhand, Orissa, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Goa, Maharashtra and Karnataka. All other industries depend on iron & steel industry.

(b) Bauxite: Aluminum is obtained from bauxite. Major bauxite producing areas are Jharkhand, Orissa, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Telangana and Tamil Nadu. Aluminum has strength of iron, but it is extremely light.

(c) Mica: Mica deposits mainly occur in Jharkhand, Bihar, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh and Rajasthan. India is the largest producer and exporter of mica in the world. Mica is made up of series of plates or leaves. It is used in Electric & Electronic industries. Mica can be of black, green, red, yellow or brown is colour.

Q9. Distinguish between Metallic and Non-Metallic minerals.
Ans:

Q10. Distinguish between Conventional and non-conventional power resources.
Ans:

Q11. Explain the different types of minerals on the basis of their composition.
Ans: Minerals are broadly classified into three types: Metallic, Non-Metallic and Power Minerals.
(a) Metallic Minerals: Most of the metallic minerals are found in old plateaus which mainly contains igneous and metamorphic rocks. E.g. Iron, Nickel, Platinum, etc. Metallic minerals are further classified into: Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Minerals.
      (i) Ferrous Minerals: These minerals contain iron, for e.g. iron, nickel, etc.
      (ii) Non-Ferrous Minerals: These minerals do not contain iron, for e.g. gold, silver, etc.

(b) Non-Metallic Minerals: These minerals are found in the young fold mountains, which mainly consist of sedimentary rocks. E.g. Limestone, Sandstone, Marble, etc.

(c) Power Minerals: Power or energy minerals play a vital role in our lives. We also need power for industry, agriculture, transport, communication and defense. Power resources may be broadly categorized as conventional and non-conventional resources.
      (i) Conventional Resources: These resources have been used for a very long time. For e.g. Firewood, cattle dung cake, coal, petroleum, natural gas, etc.
      (ii) Non-Conventional Resources: These resources are called new sources of energy. For e.g. Solar, wind, tidal, geothermal, biogas, etc.

Q12. Write a note on: (a) The Geothermal Energy      (b) The Solar Energy
Ans: (a) The Geothermal Energy: Heat energy obtained from the earth is called geothermal energy. The temperature in the interior of the earth rises steadily as we go deeper. Sometimes this heat energy may surface itself in the form of hot springs. This heat energy can be used to generate power. Geothermal energy in the form of hot springs has been used for cooking, heating and bathing, etc.
USA has the world's largest geothermal power plants followed by New Zealand, Iceland, Philippines and Central America.
In India, geothermal plants are located in Manikaran in Himachal Pradesh and Puga Valley in Ladakh.

(b) The Solar Energy: Solar energy trapped from the sun can be used in solar cells to produce electricity. Many of these cells are joined into solar panels to generate power for heating and lighting purpose. The technology of utilizing solar energy benefits a lot of tropical countries that are blessed with abundant sun shine. Solar energy is also used in solar heaters, solar cookers, solar dryers besides being used for community lighting and traffic signals.
The largest solar plant of India is located at Madhapur near Bhuj (Gujarat).

 

 

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Q1. 90% of the total world population resides in .................. of the land area.

(a) 10%
(b) 20%
(c) 30%
(d) 40%

Q2. The thin layer of grainy substance covering the surface of the earth is called ..................
(a) Soil
(b) Land
(c) Minerals
(d) Humus

Q3. The breaking up of rocks is known as ..................
(a) Erosion
(b) Reclamation
(c) Degradation
(d) Weathering

Q4. .................. is a process in which heavy rains wash away the fertile part of the soil.
(a) Cultivating
(b) Mulching
(c) Leaching
(d) Conservation

Q5. Out of the total fresh water available, nearly .................. is in the form of "ICE" and is found in glaciers in Antarctica, Greenland, mountain regions, etc.
(a) 1%
(b) 2%
(c) 3%
(d) 4%

Q6. .................. is the decline in the productive capacity of land for some time or permanently.
(a) Land Reclamation
(b) Land Degradation
(c) Land use
(d) Land Profile

Q7. Natural Vegetation and wildlife exist only in the narrow zone called ..................
(a) Lithosphere
(b) Hydrosphere
(c) Atmosphere
(d) Biosphere

Q8. Species of some animals are on the verge of extinction as their population has decreased considerably. Such species are known as ..................
(a) Endangered Species
(b) Extinct Species
(c) Dying Species
(d) Dead Species

Q9. Sliding of huge debris, rocks and other material down the slope is know as ..................
(a) Volcanic Eruptions
(b) Landslides
(c) Earthquakes
(d) Tsunami

Q10. Which factor is not responsible for the formation of soil?
(a) Time
(b) Organisms
(c) Technology
(d) Relief

Q11. .................. of the earth's surface is covered with water.
(a) One-Fourth
(b) Two-Fourth
(c) Three-Fourth
(d) Fourth-Fourth

Q12. Trees in these .................. shed their leaves in a particular season in order to conserve loss of moisture through transpiration: (select the incorrect one)
(a) Evergreen Forests
(b) Tundra
(c) Deforestation
(d) Deciduous Forests

Q13. Species of plants and animals that do not exist now but existed in the past are called ..................
(a) Endangered Species
(b) Extinct Species
(c) Dying Species
(d) Dead Species

Q14. .................. soil is derived from the weathering of the igneous and metamorphic rocks.
(a) Red Soil
(b) Black Soil
(c) Laterite Soil
(d) Mountain Soil

Q15. .................. irrigation can be used in dry regions, where evaporation is very high.
(a) Sprinklers
(b) Bucket
(c) Drip
(d) Save Water

Q16. A natural area designated to protect the ecological integrity of one or more ecosystems for present and future generations is known as ..................
(a) Wildlife Sanctuaries
(b) Bioreserves
(c) Botanical Gardens
(d) National Parks

Q17. In the biosphere living beings are inter-related and interdependent on each other for survival. This life supporting system is known as the .................
(a) Interdependence
(b) Ecology
(c) Ecosystem
(d) Food Circle

Q18. It is the uppermost layer, Rich in humus & minerals and Consists of Sand, Silt & Clay.
(a) Sub Soil
(b) Top Soil
(c) Alluvial Soil
(d) Black Soil

Q19. The fresh water is continuously being renewed and recharged through the .................
(a) Hydrological Cycle
(b) Oxygen Cycle
(c) Rock Cycle
(d) Renewable Cycle

Q20. In the coastal and dry regions, rows of trees are planted to check the wind movement to protect soil cover, this process is known as .................
(a) Strip Cropping
(b) Contour Barriers
(c) Terrace Cultivation
(d) Shelter Belts

 

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Q1. Write the major factors affecting the formation of soil.
Ans: Factors affecting the formation of soil are: Relief, Parent Rock, Climate, Time and Organisms.

Q2. What are the different factors affecting land use pattern of an area?
Ans: Factors affecting the land use pattern of an area are:
(a) Physical Factors: Climate, Topography, Water availability, Soil, Minerals, etc.
(b) Human Factors: Population Density, Need & Desire of People, Development of Technology, etc.
(c) Economic Factors: Cost of living, Occupation, Financial conditions, etc.

Q3. Explain the different methods of soil conservation.
Ans: Some of the methods that can be adopted for soil conservation are: Mulching, Contour Ploughing, Terrace Cultivation, Strip Cropping, Shelter Belts, Rock Dam, Contour Barriers, Crop Rotation, etc.

Q4. What are the factors responsible for the shortage of freshwater?
Ans: Due to overpopulation, industrialization and urbanization, the consumption of water has increased manifold. Increased agricultural production to meet the growing needs of the population, modern lifestyle of the people and greater use of electricity in industries has resulted in water scarcity in many parts of the world. Above all the pollution of water bodies is due to irresponsible and reckless attitude of mankind. This has reduced the availability of fresh water for human consumption.

Q5. Define land degradation. How can we conserve land resources?
Ans: Decline in the productive capacity of land for some time or permanently is known as land degradation.
Some of the measures that can be used or practiced to conserve our land resource are:
(a) Adopting to the scientific techniques.
(b) Land Reclamation.
(c) Regulated use of chemical fertilizers, insecticides and pesticides.
(d) Afforestation.
(e) Check on Overgrazing.
(f) Control of Mining Activities.
(g) Proper irrigation facilities.
(h) Constructing retention walls in the mountain areas to stop landslides.

Q6. In India, what are the various steps taken to conserve forest and wildlife?
Ans: Following are few steps that have been taken to conserve forest and wildlife:
(a) National Forest Policy framed by the government should be implemented.
(b) National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries, Bioreserves, Botanical Gardens have been setup.
(c) Special Projects (E.g. Project Tiger, Project Elephant, etc.).
(d) Celebration of Van Mahotsav. Every National festival is followed by tree plantation ceremony.
(e) Controlling of deforestation and overgrazing. Large scale afforestation or planting of tress is undertaken.
(f) Social Awareness Programmes to be implemented.
(g) Wildlife Protection Act 1972.

Q7. Suggest different ways to conserve water.
Ans: Some of the important ways to conserve water are:
(a) Decrease of water pollution
(b) Proper irrigation method: Sprinklers and Drip irrigation can be used.
(c) Water Harvesting Method.
(d) Water conservation in the home:
     (i) Check faults and pipes for leaks and insulate your water pipes.
     (ii) Install water-saving shower heads and low-flow valves / taps.
     (iii) Put plastic bottles or float booster in your overhead tanks.
     (iv) Take shorter showers.
     (v) Turn off the water after you wet your toothbrush.
     (vi) Use your dishwasher and clothes washer for only full loads.
     (vii) When washing dishes by hand, don't leave the water running for rinsing, etc.

Q8. Differentiate between Evergreen Forest and Deciduous Forests.
Ans:

Q9. Write a note on different types of soil.
Ans: Different types of soil are:
1. Alluvial Soil:
(a) It is the most fertile soil found in India.
(b) The alluvial soil is found mostly in the Northern Plains and Coastal Plains of India.

2. Black Soil:
(a) The black soil is also called the Black Cotton Soil formed from the weathering of the igneous rocks.
(b) The black soil is mostly found in the Deccan Trap, covering large areas of Maharashtra, Gujarat, western Madhya Pradesh, etc.

3. Red Soil:
(a) Red soil is derived from the weathering of the igneous and metamorphic rocks. The red colour is due to the high percentage of iron contents.
(b) Red soil is found in the southern and eastern parts of the peninsular plateau.

4. Laterite Soil:
(a) The laterite soil is found on the Western Ghats, Eastern Ghats, Vindhyas, etc.
(b) Due to intensive leaching, the laterite soil generally lacks fertility. The soil is suitable for producing plantation crops like tea, coffee, rubber, coconut, etc.

5. Mountain Soil:
(a) This type of soil is found in the Himalayan region, the Western, Eastern Ghats, etc.
(b) This soil is especially suitable for producing plantation crops, such as tea, coffee.

6. Desert Soil:
(a) The desert soil is found Rajasthan and the adjoining areas, receiving less than 50 cm of annual rainfall.
(b) The desert soil has sand (90 to 95 per cent) and clay (5 to 10 per cent).

 

Q10. What are soil horizons? With the help of a diagram explain the various soil horizons present in a soil profile.

Ans: Vertical section of the soil from the surface to the Bed rock is known as Soil profile. The soil profile is horizontally divided into four different horizons or layers known as Soil Horizons (as shown in the diagram). Top Soil, Sub Soil, Weathered Rock and Bed Rock or Parent Rock.

(a) Top Soil: It is the uppermost layer. Rich in humus and minerals. Consists of Sand, Silt & Clay. Leaching of soil is common in this layer.
(b) Sub Soil: It lies below the top soil and supports moisture. Consists of some amount of weathered rock, Silt & Clay and some nutrients. Minerals found here is more than Horizon A.
(c) Weathered Rock: Consists of large amount of weathered rock. These rocks are not affected by biological processes.
(d) Bed Rock: Last layer of the soil horizon. Consists of solid layer of unweathered Rock.

 

 

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Answer the following questions:

Q1. What do you mean by third estate general?
Q2. What is Tithes?
Q3. Write a short note on 'Tennis Court Oath'.
Q4. Write shot on intellectual cause of French Revolution.
Q5. What is Censorship?
Q6. What is a Theocracy?
Q7. Write three differences democratic and dictatorial form of government with examples.
Q8. What is the extent of coastline of India including the islands?
Q9. Distinguish between Latitudes and Longitudes (any three points).
Q10. Name all the neighboring countries of India with their locations.
Q11. Explain the importance of Standard Meridian of India.
Q12. Define Physical capital.
Q13. What are the ways to increase production in the given same piece of land?
Q14. Differentiate between Multiple cropping and Modern methods of farming.
Q15. What is meant by factors of production? Explain any two.
Q16. Map Work
(a) The northernmost and the southernmost latitude of the Indian mainland in degree.
(b) Name the southernmost point of Indian Territory.
(c) The Strait separating Sri Lanka from India
(d) Standard Meridian of India.
(e) The eastern and western most longitude in degrees

 

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Q1. Resources that we find in nature and are used without much modification are called ..................
(a) Human Resource
(b) Natural Resource
(c) Renewable Resource
(d) Human Made Resource

Q2. Natural resource are classified into various types on the basis of: (select the incorrect one)
(a) Distribution
(b) Development
(c) Origin
(d) Destruction

Q3. All non-living things are known as ..................
(a) Biotic Resource
(b) Exhaustible Resource
(c) Abiotic Resource
(d) Human Resource

Q4. Anything that can be used to satisfy human needs is a ..................
(a) Thing
(b) Value
(c) Resource
(d) Utility

Q5. Resources which can be renewed or reproduced are known as ..................
(a) Exhaustible Resource
(b) Renewable Resource
(c) Non-Renewable Resource
(d) Useful Resource

Q6. .................. Resources refer to the number and ability of the people. E.g. knowledge, skill, etc.
(a) Biotic Resource
(b) Human Made Resource
(c) Human Resource
(d) Abiotic Resource

Q7. A thing becomes a resource when it's .................. has been identified.
(a) Character
(b) Area
(c) Utility
(d) Availability

Q8. Balancing the need to use resources and also conserve them for the future is called ..................
(a) Sustainable Development
(b) Resource Conservation
(c) Resource Development
(d) Sustainable Conservation

Q9. Which one of the following is not a "Value"?
(a) Aesthetic Value
(b) Economic Value
(c) Artistic Value
(d) Ethical Value

Q10. Resources are generally classified into:
(a) 2 Types
(b) 3 Types
(c) 4 Types
(d) 5 Types

Q11. People use natural resources to make buildings, bridges, roads, machinery and vehicles, which are known as ..................
(a) Human Made Resource
(b) Human Resource
(c) Natural Resource
(d) Un-Natural Resource

Q12. Different ways to conserve natural resources are: (select the incorrect one)
(a) Preventing wastage
(b) Save Water
(c) Deforestation
(d) Aforestation

Q13. Value means ..................
(a) Utility
(b) Worth
(c) Money
(d) Wealth

Q14. .................. resources are found in a region but have not been utilized, might be because of the lack of technology.
(a) Potential Resource
(b) Localized Resource
(c) Actual Resource
(d) Ubiquitous Resource

Q15. Resources created by human beings are called ..................
(a) Natural Resource
(b) Useful Resource
(c) Industrial Resource
(d) Man Made Resource

Q16. Some of the principles of Sustainable Development are: (select the incorrect one)
(a) Minimise the depletion of natural resources
(b) Respect and care for all forms of life
(c) Conserve the earth's vitality & diversity
(d) Government should only take care

Q17. Factors which help in the development of resources are:
(a) All (b, c & d)
(b) Human Resource
(c) Technology
(d) International Competition

Q18. Resources which are found everywhere are called ..................
(a) Biotic Resource
(b) Potential Resource
(c) Ubiquitous Resource
(d) Renewable Resource

Q19. Using resources carefully, judicially & giving them time to get renewed is called .................
(a) Resource Development
(b) Sustainable Conservation
(c) Sustainable Development
(d) Resource Conservation

Q20. We enjoy the beauty of mountains, waterfalls, sea, landscapes. Thus, they are resources which have ............. value.
(a) Ethical Value
(b) Artistic Value
(c) Aesthetic Value
(d) Economic Value

 

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Q1. What is a resource?
Ans: Anything that can be used to satisfy human needs is a resource.
                                                          OR
All the objects in the environment, which are useful to man and have a value, are called "Resources".

Q2. Define different types of values.
Ans: Value means worth. The use of a resource depends on its value. Following are the types of values:
(a) Economic Value: Some resources can be bought or sold, or can be used to make things that can be bought or sold. For e.g. Minerals.
(b) Aesthetic Value: We enjoy the beauty of mountains, waterfalls, sea, landscapes. Thus, they are resources which have "Aesthetic Value".
(c) Legal Value: Resources like, Air, Water, Land, etc.. Are essential part of life, thus, it become our responsibility to protect them from pollution. These are "Legal Values" of the resources.
(d) Ethical Value: "Ethical Values" of the resources indicates us that we should protect our flora and fauna from intensive cutting of trees and killing of wildlife.

Q3. Define conservation of resources.
Ans:: Using resources carefully, judicially and giving them time to get renewed is called conservation of resources.

Q4. Distinguish between Natural and Human Made Resource.
Ans:

Q5. Distinguish between Renewable and Non-Renewable Resources.

Ans:

Q6. Distinguish between Ubiquitous and Localized Resource.
Ans:

Q7. Distinguish between Potential and Actual Resource.
Ans:

Q8. Explain sustainable development with its principles.
Ans: Balancing the need to use resources and also conserve them for the future is called sustainable development.
Development of the resources should be done without damaging the environment and the needs of present generation should not be compromised with those of the future generations, this is known as sustainable development.

Some Principles of Sustainable Development:
1. Respect and care for all forms of life.
2. Improve the quality of human life.
3. Conserve the earth's vitality and diversity.
4. Minimise the depletion of natural resources.
5. Change personal attitude and practices toward the environment.
6. Enable communities to care for their own environment.

Q9. "Human beings are important resources". Justify the statement.
Ans. Human resource consists of people. Human resource and its proper development are of great importance. The creative mind of humans and the desire to satisfy their need helped them to produce different products and services that we see, feel and observe in our day-to-day life. For example: iron ore was used to build tools, machines, etc.
People with healthy mind and body have great potential to produce anything that they desire. People can make the best use of nature to create more resources when they have the knowledge, skill and the technology to do so. That is why human beings are a special resource and they are the most valuable resource of the present time.

Q10. Draw a flow chart to explain the classification of resources with examples.
Ans:

 

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