Q1. Name the group of islands lying in the Arabian Sea & Bay of Bengal.
Ans: Lakshadweep is the group of islands located in the Arabian Sea and in the Bay of Bengal Andaman & Nicobar islands is located.

Q2. Name the countries which are larger than India.
Ans: Russia, Canada, USA, China, Brazil and Australia are the countries larger than India.

Q3. What is the size of India?
Ans: India is the seventh largest country in the world covering an area of 3.28 million square kilometers. India covers 2.4 % of the total geographical area of the world.

Q4. What is the location of India?
Ans: The mainland stretches from Latitude 8^o4' North to 37^o6' North and from Longitude 68^o7' East to 97^o25' East. The southernmost point in the Indian Territory, (in Great Nicobar Islands) is the Indira Point (6^o45' North), while Kanya-kumari, is the southernmost point of Indian mainland. Tropic of Cancer crosses the country at 23^o30' North dividing the country into almost two equal parts.

Q5. In which hemisphere India is located?
Ans: India is located in the Northern and Eastern hemisphere.

Q6. Distinguish between Latitudes and Longitudes.
Ans:

Q7. Which countries together make the Indian subcontinent? Name all the neighboring countries of India.
Ans: India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Maldives, Nepal and Bhutan are the countries that together make the Indian subcontinent.
In the northwest, India shares its boundaries with Pakistan and Afghanistan. In the north, India shares its boundaries with China, Nepal and Bhutan. In the east, India shares its boundaries with Bangladesh and Myanmar. In the south, India's neighbours are Maldives and Sri Lanka. Sri Lanka is separated from India by a narrow channel of sea formed by Palk Strait.

Q8. The central location of India at the head of the Indian Ocean is considered of great significance. Why?
Ans: The central location of India at the head of the Indian Ocean is considered of great significance because of the following reasons:
(a) India is centrally located on the world map.
(b) India has longest coastline on the Indian Ocean.
(c) It is surrounded by three water bodies, in the south by the Indian Ocean, in the east by the Bay of Bengal and in the west by the Arabian Sea.
(d) India is strategically located at the centre of the trans-Indian Ocean routes which connect the European countries in the west and the countries of East Asia. Thus, India could establish close contact with West Asia, Africa and Europe from the western coast. Moreover, it could establish close contact with Southeast and East Asia from the eastern coast.
(e) Ocean sea routes, i.e., Suez Canal route, Cape of Good Hope route, pass through the Indian Ocean.
(f) India has been able to establish close cultural and commercial contacts with countries of west and east due to its central location.

Q9. Why has 82^o30' E selected as standard meridian of India?
Ans:
(a) The longitudinal extent of India is 30^o.
(b) The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.
(c) It takes 4 minutes for the sun to move across 1 longitude. Thus, the eastern most point of India would be 2 hours ahead of the western most point (30 x 4 = 120 minutes), in accordance with the local time.
(d) This difference in time might create confusion in air and rail timings and so many other things across the two states. To avoid this confusion a longitude passing through the midpoint of 68^o7' East (western most longitude) and 97^o25' East (eastern most longitude) is taken as the standard prime meridian of India (i.e. 82^o30').
(e) The time at the standard meridian 82^o30' which passes through Mirzapur in UP is taken as the standard time of India, followed all over the country and hence the watches show the same time in both the states (i.e. Arunachal Pradesh and Gujarat).

Q10. Map Work:
1. The island groups of India lying in the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal.
2. The countries constituting Indian Subcontinent.
3. The states through which the Tropic of Cancer passes.
4. The northernmost latitude in degrees.
5. The southernmost latitude of the Indian mainland in degrees.
6. The eastern and the western most longitudes in degrees.
7. The place situated on the three seas.
8. The strait separating Sri Lanka and India.
9. The Union Territories of India.

Ans:

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Q1. Differentiate between latitudes and longitudes.
Q2. What were three main characteristics of land roots to India in ancient time?
Q3. Name two union territories of western coast and one of eastern coast
Q4. What is meant by IST? Why do we need standard meridian for India? Explain?
Q5. Why do we need Standard Meridian? Where is it located? What is its significance?
Q6. Write India's size and location.
Q7. The central location of India at the head of Indian Ocean is considered as a great significance. Explain?
Q8. Why there is a difference of 2 hrs in local time between the eastern most part of Arunachal Pradesh and western most part of Gujarat?
Q9. Why do we need to form separate union territories?
Q10. Explain-
(a) Tropic of cancer
(b) Greenwich meridian
(c) Latitudes
(d) Equator

Q11. Map Skills
(a) Tropic of cancer
(b) Standard meridian of India
(c) Southernmost latitude
(d) Southern most point of mainland of India
(e) Northern most point of India
(f) Eastern most meridian
(g) Western most meridian
(h) Strait between India and Sri Lanka

Q1. Define the following:
(a) Demography     (b) Census      (c) Human Resource      (d) Birth Rate      (e) Death Rate      

(f) Annual Growth Rate     (g) Sex Ratio      (h) Density of Population      (i) Migration
Ans:
(a) Demography: The study of population is known as Demography.

(b) Census: The official collection of population data by all means is known as Census. This is conducted once in ten years. Currently, we are following 2011 census.

(c) Human Resource: Human Resource or people are the greatest asset to a nation. Human beings use their knowledge and skill to convert natural resource into more valuable goods.

(d) Birth Rate: The number of live births per 1000 persons is called birth rate.

(e) Death Rate: The number of deaths per 1000 persons is called death rate.

(f) Annual Growth Rate: The difference between the birth rate and the death rate in a year is called the annual growth rate.

(g) Sex Ratio: The ratio between males and females is known as the sex ratio. It is represented as total number of females per 1000 males. According to 2011 census, sex ration in India is 943 females per 1000 males.

(h) Density of Population: The number of people living in a unit area of the earth's surface is known as density of population. It is normally expressed as per square km.

(i) Migrations: The movement of people in and out of an area is known as migration. Emigrants are people who leave a country; Immigrants are those who arrive in a country.

Q2. What do you mean by the age-sex pyramid?
Ans: Age-sex pyramid also known as the Population Pyramid is a graphical representation of the age, sex composition of the population.

Q3. List out the factors responsible for the rapid growth of world population.
Ans: Factors responsible for the rapid growth of world population are:
(a) Geographical Factors: Relief, Climate, Natural Resources, Soil, Water, Minerals.
(b) Social Factors.
(c) Cultural Factors.
(d) Economic Factors.

Q4. Define age composition.
Ans: The structure of population is known as the Composition of Population. It tells us about the number of people in each age group. The population of any country is broadly divided into three types:
(a) Children: 0 – 14 Years.
(b) Adults: 15 – 59 Years.
(c) Aged: 60 Years and above.

Q5. Write a note on distribution of population.
Ans: Population is unevenly distributed throughout the world. More than 90% of the world population lives in the continents of the Northern Hemisphere, where as only 10% of the population resides in the continents of the Southern Hemisphere.
The number of people living in one sq. km area is known as the density of population and it varies from place to place. As per the density of population, the entire world can be divided into three areas:

(a) Thickly Populated Areas: The fertile river valleys and the industrial regions are thickly or densely populated areas. E.g. Northern plain of India, Western Europe, East-central North America, etc.
(b) Moderately Populated Areas: Areas where new industries have been setup and facilities of irrigation and mining are moderately populated areas. E.g. Deccan plateau of India, Central China, Parts of South America, etc.
(c) Sparsely Populated Areas: Areas with extremely hot or cold climatic conditions, mountainous areas are sparsely populated areas. E.g. Tundra regions in North, Amazon basins, Sahara deserts, etc.

Q6. How would you distinguish between productive and dependent population?
Ans:

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Q1. Write a short note explaining the different cropping seasons.
Ans: There are three major cropping seasons, i.e. Rabi, Kharif and Zaid.
(a) Rabi: Crops are sown in winters between October to December and harvested between February to April. Major crops of this season are: wheat, barley, peas, gram, and oilseeds.

(b) Kharif: Crops are sown in summers between May to July and harvested after rain i.e. between September to October. Major crops of this season are: rice, maize, jowar, bajra, sugarcane, jute.

(c) Zaid: In between Rabi and Kharif crops zaid crops like: watermelon, cucumber are grown between April to June.

Q2. What is Agriculture Development?
Ans: Agricultural Development refers to efforts made to increase farm production in order to meet the growing demand of increasing population. This can be achieved in many ways such as:
(a) Increasing the cropped area.
(b) Multiple cropping (Number of crops grown in a year)
(c) Improving irrigation facilities
(d) Use of fertilizers and high yielding variety of seeds.
(e) Mechanization of agriculture is also another aspect of agricultural development.

Q3. How has Green Revolution changed agriculture in India?
Ans: Dr. Norman Borlaug is known as the father of Green Revolution and Dr. M S Swaminathan is known as the father of Green Revolution in India. Green Revolution had great impact on the entire agricultural world. In India the main effects of green revolution are stated below:
(a) Increase in Agricultural Production
(b) Increase in Per Hectare Yield
(c) Reduction in Import of Food grains
(d) Change in Attitude
(e) Enlargement of Production Function
(f) Impact on Employment
(g) Shift from Traditional Agriculture
(h) Significant Change in Cropping Pattern
(i) Prosperity of Farmers
(j) Industrial Growth

Q4. What are Millets? List out the geographical conditions required for the cultivation of millets.
Ans: Millets are a group of highly variable small-seeded grasses, widely grown around the world as grains. Millets are also known as coarse grains. Geographical conditions required for the cultivation of millets are:
(a) These grains can be grown on less fertile and sandy soils.
(b) It needs low rainfall and high to moderate temperature.
(c) Jowar, bajra and ragi are millet crops grown in India.
(d) Major producers: China, India, Nigeria, USA, Brazil, etc.

Q5. Compare the type of farming in India with that of USA.
Ans. Following is the comparison between India and USA as per the farming

Q6. State the geographical conditions favourable for cultivation of:
(a) Rice (b) Wheat (c) Maize (d) Cotton (e) Tea (f) Coffee
Ans. Following are the geographical conditions required for the cultivation of rice and wheat:-
(a) Rice:
• Rice is the major food crop of the world. It is the staple diet of the tropical and sub-tropical regions.
• Rice needs high temperature, high humidity and rainfall. It grows best in alluvial clayey soil, which can retain water.
• Leading producers of rice in the world: - China, India, Japan, Sri Lanka, etc.

(b) Wheat:
• It requires moderate temperature and rainfall during growing season and bright sunshine at the time of harvest.
• It requires well drained loamy soil for its growth.
• Wheat is grown extensively in USA, Canada, Argentina, Russia, Ukraine, Australia and India.

(c) Maize:
• Maize is used as both food and fodder crop. It is also known as "Corn".
• Requires moderate temperature, rainfall and lots of sunshine and also, needs well-drained fertile soils.
• Maize is grown in North America, Brazil, China, Russia, Canada and India.

(d) Cotton:
• Cotton is a fiber crop grown in tropical areas. Cotton requires high temperature, light rainfall, 210 frost-free days and bright sunshine for its growth.
• It grows best on black soil and requires at least 6 to 8 months.
• China, USA, India, Pakistan, Brazil and Egypt are the leading producers of cotton. It is one of the main raw materials for the cotton textile industry.

(e) Tea:
• Tea is a beverage crop.
• Tea plants grow well in tropical and sub-tropical climate. It requires warm and moist free climate and well distributed frequent showers throughout the year. It needs deep, fertile, well-drained loamy soils and gentle slopes, rich in humus and organic matter.
• Cheap and skilled labour is required in large number to pick the leaves. Tea is processed within the tea gardens to restore its freshness.
• India, Kenya, China, Sri Lanka produce the best quality tea in the world.
• India is the leading producer and exporter of tea. Assam, Darjeeling, West Bengal and Tripura are leading producers of tea in India.

(f) Coffee:
• Hill slopes are more suitable for growth of this crop.
• It requires warm & wet climate and well drained loamy soil.
• Brazil is the leading producer followed by Columbia and India.
• In India coffee is cultivated in Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu.

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MAP-1 (Distribution of Minerals)
(a) Iron ore mines: Mayurbhanj, Durg, Bailadila, Bellary and Kudremukh.
(b) Mica mines: Ajmer, Beawar, Nellore, Gaya and Hazaribagh.
(c) Coal mines: Raniganj, Jharia, Bokaro, Talcher, Korba, Singrauli, Singareni and Neyveli

MAP-2 (Distribution of Oil and Natural Gas)
Oil Fields: Digboi, Naharkatia, Mumbai High, Bassien, Kalol and Ankaleshwar.

MAP-3 (Distribution of Thermal and Nuclear Power Stations)
(a) Thermal: Namrup, Talcher, Singrauli, Harduaganj, Korba, Uran, Ramagundam, Vijaywada and Tuticorin.
(b) Nuclear: Narora, Rawat Bhata, Kakrapara, Tarapur, Kaiga and Kalpakkam.

MAP- 4 (Distribution of Fiber Industry)
(a) Cotton Textile Industries: Mumbai, Indore, Ahmedabad, Surat, Kanpur, Coimbatore and Madurai.
(b) Woollen Industries: Srinagar, Amritsar, Ludhiana, Panipat, Mirzapur and Jamnagar.
(c) Silk Industry: Anantnag, Srinagar, Murshidabad and Mysore.

MAP- 5 (Distribution of Iron and Steel, Software Techno Park)
(a) Iron and Steel Plants: Burnpur, Durgapur, Bokaro, Jamshedpur, Rourkela, Bhilai, Vijaynagar, Bhadravati, Vishakhapatnam and Salem.
(b) Software Technology Parks: Mohali, NOIDA, Jaipur, Gandhinagar, Indore, Mumbai, Pune, Kolkata, Bhubaneshwar, Vishakhapatnam, Hyderabad, Bangalore, Mysore, Chennai and Thiruvanantapuram.

MAP- 6 (Roads and Highways)
(a) Golden Quadrilateral
(b) North-South Corridor
(c) East-West Corridor National Highways.
(d) NH-1
(e) NH-2
(f) NH-7

MAP-7 (Major Ports)
Major Ports: Kandla, Mumbai, Jawahar Lal Nehru, Marmagao, New Mangalore, Kochi, Tuticorin, Chennai, Vishakhapatnam, Paradip, Haldia and Kolkata.

MAP-8 (International Airports)
International Airports: Amritsar (Raja Sansi), Delhi (Indira Gandhi International); Mumbai (Chhatrapati Shivaji), Thiruvanantapuram (Nedimbacherry), Chennai (Meenam Bakkam), Kolkata (Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose) and Hyderabad

MAP-9 (Indian National Congress Session)
(a) Calcutta (Sep. 1920)
(b) Nagpur (Dec. 1920)
(c) Madras (1927)
(d) Lahore (1929)

MAP-10 (Important Centre's of Indian National Movement)
(a) Champaran (Bihar): Movement of Indigo Planters
(b) Kheda (Gujarat): Peasant Satyagraha
(c) Ahmedabad (Gujarat): Cotton Mill Workers Satyagraha
(d) Amritsar (Punjab): Jallianwala Bagh Incident.
(e) Chauri Chaura (UP): Calling off the NCM.
(f) Bardoli (Gujarat): No Tax Campaign.
(g) Dandi (Gujarat): Civil Disobedience Movement.