Short Answer Questions

Q1. Define: (a) Jhumming (b) Transhumance (c) Arable Land
Ans:
(a) Jhumming: Shifting agriculture in India is known as Jhumming.
(b) Transhumance: The seasonal movement with livestock, uphill during the summers and downhill during the winters in search of pastures is called Transhumance.
(c) Arable Land: The land on which crops are grown is known as "Arable Land.

Q2. Define: (a) Sericulture (b) Pisciculture (c) Viticulture (d) Horticulture
Ans:
(a) Sericulture: Rearing of silkworms to obtain silk on a large scale.
(b) Pisciculture: Rearing of fishes on a large scale.
(c) Viticulture: Cultivation of grapes.
(d) Horticulture: Growing vegetables, flowers, fruits and decorative plants for commercial use.

Q3. What is Agriculture?
Ans: The science and art of cultivation on the soil, raising crops and rearing livestock. It is also called farming.
The word "Agriculture" has been derived from the Latin word "Ager or Agri" meaning "Soil" and "Culture" means "Cultivation".

Q4. What is the factors affecting Agriculture?
Ans: Some of the physical and economic factors which greatly influence agriculture are:
Physical Factors: Relief, Climatic Conditions (Temperature, Rainfall, etc.), Fertility of Soil, etc.
Economic Factors: Availability of farm inputs (Capital, Good quality seeds, Fertilizers, Tools & Machines, etc.), Availability of cheap labour, Transportation Facility, Market, Government Policies, etc.

Q5. Differentiate between primary and secondary activities?
Ans:

Long Answer Questions

Q6. Explain: Types of Farming with the help of a flow chart.
Ans. Farming is practiced in various ways across the world. Depending upon the geographical conditions, demand of produce, labour and level of technology, farming can be classified into following types:

SUBSISTENCE FARMING
This type of farming is practiced to meet the needs of the farmer's family. Traditionally, low levels of technology and household labour were used to produce on small output. Subsistence farming can be further classified as intensive subsistence and primitive subsistence farming.

1. Intensive Subsistence Agriculture:
• In intensive subsistence agriculture the farmer cultivates a small plot of land using simple tools and more labour.
• Climate with large number of days with sunshine and fertile soils permit growing of more than one crop annually on the same plot.
• Rice is the main crop. Other crops include wheat, maize, pulses and oilseeds.
• Intensive subsistence agriculture is practiced in the thickly populated areas of the monsoon regions of south, southeast and east Asia.

2. Primitive Subsistence Agriculture:
(a) Shifting Cultivation:
• Shifting cultivation is practiced in the thickly forested areas of Amazon basin, tropical Africa, parts of Southeast Asia and Northeast India. These are the areas of heavy rainfall and quick regeneration of vegetation.
• A plot of land is cleared by felling the trees and burning them. The ashes are then mixed with the soil and crops like maize, yam, potatoes and cassava are grown. When soil loses its fertility, the land is abandoned and the cultivator moves to a new plot.
• Shifting cultivation is also known as 'slash and burn' agriculture.
• It is known by different names in the world – Jhuming in North-Eastern States of India, Milpa in Mexico, Roca in Brazil, Ladang in Malaysia and Ray in Vietnam.

(b) Nomadic Herding:
• Nomadic herding is practiced in the semi-arid and arid regions of Sahara, Central Asia and some parts of India, like Rajasthan and Jammu and Kashmir.
• In this type of farming, Herder does not grow any fodder but move from one place to another with their animals for fodder and water, along defined routes.
• Sheep, Camel, Yak and Goats are most commonly reared. They provide milk, meat, wool and other products to the herders and their families.

COMMERCIAL FARMING
In commercial farming crops are grown and animals are reared for sale in market. The area cultivated and the amount of capital used is large. Most of the work is done by machines. Chemical fertilizers, pesticides, insecticides and high yielding variety of seeds are used in order to get maximum output.
Commercial farming includes commercial grain farming, mixed farming and plantation agriculture.
1. Commercial Grain Farming:
• Crops are grown for commercial purpose.
• Wheat and maize are common commercially grown crops.
• Major areas where commercial grain farming is practiced are temperate grasslands of North America, Europe and Asia. These areas are thinly populated with large farms spreading over hundreds of hectares.
• Severe winters restrict the growing season and only a single crop can be grown.

2. Mixed Farming:
• In mixed farming the land is used for growing food and fodder crops and rearing livestock.
• It is practiced in Europe, eastern USA, Argentina, southeast Australia, New Zealand and South Africa.

3. Plantations:
• It is also known as "Monoculture", i.e. single crop grown over a large area.
• Plantations are a type of commercial farming where single crop of tea, coffee, sugarcane, cashew, rubber, banana or cotton are grown.
• Large amount of labour and capital are required.
• The produce may be processed on the farm itself or in nearby factories.
• The development of a transport network is thus essential for such farming.
• Major plantations are found in the tropical regions of the world. Rubber in Malaysia, coffee in Brazil, tea in India and Sri Lanka are some examples.

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Short Answer Questions

Q1. Explain the terms manufacturing and industry with examples.
Ans: Manufacturing: Production of goods in large quantities after processing from raw material to more valuable products is called "Manufacturing". For e.g. Cotton into cloth, Sugarcane into sugar, etc.
Industry: Industry refers to an economic activity that is concerned with the production of goods, extraction of minerals or the provision of services. For e.g. Textile (Manufacturing), Mining (Extraction of minerals) and Tourism (Service Provider).

Q2. What is the industrial system? Explain the different aspects of industrial system with examples?
Ans: The functioning of an industry depends on a system, known as the industrial system. An industrial system consists of inputs, process and outputs.

For e.g. Cotton Textile Industry:
Input: Cotton as raw materials, labour, costs of land, transport, power and other infrastructure.
Process: Ginning, Spinning, Weaving, Dyeing, Printing, etc.
Output: Cloth or garments wear.

Q3. What are the inputs, processes and outputs of the iron and steel industry?
Ans: Following are the inputs, processes and outputs of the iron and steel industry:
Inputs: Iron ore, Coal, Limestone, Manganese, Labour, Capital, Cite and other Infrastructure.
Process: Converting iron ore into steel involves many stages. The raw material is put in the blast furnace where it undergoes smelting and then it is refined.
Output: Iron and Steel is obtained which is used by other industries as raw material.

Long Answer Questions

Q4. Classify industries on the basis of raw material used, their size and ownership with examples.
Ans: Industries are broadly classification into three types (i.e. On the basis of Raw Materials, On the basis of Size and On the basis of Ownership).
1. On the basis of Raw Materials: These types of industries are classified depending on the type of raw materials they use.
(a) Agro Based Industries: Use plant and animal based products as their raw materials. E.g. Food processing, vegetable oil, cotton textile, dairy products, etc.
(b) Mineral Based Industries: Primary industries that use mineral ores as their raw materials. The products of these industries feed other industries. Iron made from iron ore is the product of mineral based industry. E.g. Iron & Steel, Cement, Machine, Tools, etc.
(c) Pastoral Based Industries: Use raw material's from animals like, Sheep, goat, etc. These industries use skin, bones, flesh, etc. E.g. Dairy product industries, Leather industries, etc.
(d) Marine Based Industries: Use products from the sea and oceans as raw materials. E.g. processed sea food, fish oil manufacturers, etc.
(e) Forest Based Industries: Use forest produce as raw materials. E.g. pulp & paper, furniture. Pharmaceuticals, etc.

2. On the basis of Size: These types of industries are classified depending on the amount of capital invested, number of people employed and the volume of production.
(a) Large Scale Industries: In India, on an industry, if the capital invested is more than 1 crore, then it is called Large Scale Industry. E.g. Iron & Steel Industries, Automobile Industries, etc.
(b) Small Scale Industries: In India, on an industry, if the capital invested is less than 1 crore, then it is called Small Scale Industry. E.g. Silk weaving, Food processing industries, etc.
(c) Cottage or Household Industries: These are a type of small scale industry where the products are manufactured by hand, by the artisans with the help of family members. E.g. Basket weaving, pottery, handicrafts, etc.

3. On the basis of Ownership: These types of industries are classified on the basis of ownership.
(a) Private Sector Industries: Owned and operated by individuals or a group of individuals. E.g. Bajaj Auto, Reliance, etc.
(b) Public Sector Industries: Owned and operated by the government. E.g. Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL), Bharat Heavy Electronics Ltd. (BHEL), SAIL, etc.
(c) Joint Sector Industries: Owned and operated by the state and individuals or a group of individuals. E.g. Indian Oil, Maruti Udyog Ltd., etc.
(d) Co-operative Sector Industries: Owned and operated by the producers or suppliers of raw materials, workers or both. E.g. IFFCO, Anand Milk Union Limited (AMUL) and Sudha Dairy, etc.
(e) Multinational Corporations: Setup in collaboration with foreign investors. Owned and managed by members of two or more countries. E.g. Coca Cola, Maruti Udyog Ltd., etc.

Q5. Explain the factors which influence the location of industries.
Ans: Factors that influence the location of any industry are:
(a) Physical Factors: Land, Water, Raw Material, etc.
(b) Human Factors: Capital, Power, Labour, Government Policies, Market, Technology, Transportation, Communication, etc.

Q6. Describe the growth and development of the cotton textile industry in India.
Ans: India has a glorious tradition of producing excellent quality cotton textiles. Before the British rule, Indian hand spun and hand woven cloth already had a wide market.
The Muslins of Dhaka, Chintzes of Masulipatnam, Calicos of Calicut and Gold-wrought cotton of Burhanpur, Surat and Vadodara were known worldwide for their quality and design. But the production of hand woven cotton textile was expensive and time consuming. Hence, traditional cotton textile industry could not face the competition from the new textile mills of the West, which produced cheap and good quality fabrics through mechanized industrial units.
The first successful mechanized textile mill was established in Mumbai in 1854, followed by Ahmedabad in 1859.
The warm, moist climate, a port for importing machinery, availability of raw material and skilled labour resulted in rapid expansion of the industry in the region.
Initially this industry flourished in the states of Maharashtra and Gujarat because of favourable humid climate. Today, Coimbatore, Kanpur, Chennai, Ahmedabad, Mumbai, Kolkata, Ludhiana, Pondicherry and Panipat are some of the other important centres.

Q7. Write a short note on the information technology industry.
Ans. The information technology industry deals in the storage, processing and distribution of information through Radio, Television, Telephones, Cellular Phones, Computers, Laptops, etc.
Today, IT industry has become global and has become the fastest growing service industry in the world. IT industry is an emerging industry. Also, known as the Sunrise Industry.
Availability of resources, skilled workers, cost and infrastructure are the main factors responsible for the location of an IT industry.
The major hubs of the IT industry are the Silicon Valley and Bangaluru in India.

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DIWALI

Distinguish between the following

Q1. Metallic and non-metallic minerals.
Ans:

Q2. Conventional and non-conventional power resources.
Ans:

Short Answer Questions

Q3. What are the main characteristics of minerals?
Ans: The three main characteristics of minerals are:
(a) Minerals are present in impure form and it takes millions of year to form these minerals.
(b) Minerals are unevenly distributed throughout the world.
(c) Minerals are non-renewable 'exhaustible' resources.

Q4. How did minerals influence the history of human civilization?
Ans: Minerals have played an important role in the history of human civilization. Thus, various stages of human development have been named after different minerals, such as: Stone Age, Copper Age, Bronze Age, Iron Age, Steel Age, etc. During the last almost 200 years, humans have made a great progress in the discovery, extraction and utilization of minerals. Growth of minerals shows the growth of human life.

Q5. Why is petroleum called 'black gold'?
Ans: Petroleum is called as the black gold because it is the prime source of energy and has got great economic importance. Petroleum provides us with variety of products like Petrol, Diesel, Kerosene, Wax, Plastic and other lubrication. It acts as raw material in synthetic textiles, fertilizers, chemical industries, etc.

Q6. How can we conserve minerals and power minerals?
Ans: Population growth, urbanization and industrialization have increased the consumption of minerals and power minerals to a greatest extent in the 21st century and there is a serious need for the conservation of minerals. Following are the different ways of conserving minerals:
(a) We can make use of energy efficient equipments.
(b) Looking for alternative sources of energy.
(c) Recycling of minerals.
(d) Optimum utilization of minerals.
(e) Improvement in the techniques of extraction and purification of minerals.

Long Answer Questions

Q7. Explain the methods of mineral extraction.
Ans: Minerals can be extracted by Mining, Drilling and Quarrying.
(a) Mining: The process of taking out minerals from rocks buried under the earth's surface is called mining, Drilling and Quarrying.
     (i) Open Cast Mining: Minerals that lie at shallow depths are taken out by removing the surface layer is known as "Open Cast Mining".
     (ii) Shaft Mining: Deep bores, called shafts, have to be made to reach mineral deposits that lie at great depth; this is known as "Shaft Mining".
(b) Drilling: Petroleum and natural gas occur far below the earth's surface. Deep wells are bored to take them out; this is called "Drilling".
(c) Quarrying: Minerals that lie near the earth's surface are simply dug out by the process known as "Quarrying".

Q8. What is a mineral? Discuss different types of minerals on the basis of their composition in details.
Ans: A naturally occurring substance that has a definite chemical composition is known as a mineral.
Minerals are broadly classified into three types: Metallic, Non-Metallic and Power Minerals.
(a) Metallic Minerals: Most of the metallic minerals are found in old plateaus which mainly contains igneous and metamorphic rocks. E.g. Iron, Nickel, Platinum, etc. Metallic minerals are further classified into: Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Minerals.
     (i) Ferrous Minerals: These minerals contain iron, for e.g. iron, nickel, etc.
     (ii) Non-Ferrous Minerals: These minerals do not contain iron, for e.g. gold, silver, etc.
(b) Non-Metallic Minerals: These minerals are found in the young fold mountains, which mainly consist of sedimentary rocks. E.g. Limestone, Sandstone, Marble, etc.
(c) Power Minerals: Power or energy minerals play a vital role in our lives. We also need power for industry, agriculture, transport, communication and defense. Power resources may be broadly categorized as conventional and non-conventional resources.
     (i) Conventional Resources: These resources have been used for a very long time. For e.g. Firewood, cattle dung cake, coal, petroleum, natural gas, etc.
     (ii) Non-Conventional Resources: These resources are called new sources of energy. For e.g. Solar, wind, tidal, geothermal, biogas, etc.

Q9. Discuss non-conventional power sources.
Ans: The increasing use of conventional sources of energy has lead to many environmental disorders like pollution which leads to global warming. The fuel reserves are getting exhausted. Therefore, there is need for using non-conventional sources such as solar energy, wind energy, tidal energy, geothermal energy, biogas, etc. which are renewable, eco friendly and available in abundance. Non- conventional sources of energy are recently developed sources of energy, Initial cost of generation is high but they are cheaper in the long run. In short, non-conventional source of energy is an alternate to the conventional sources of energy which is not harming our environment.

Q10. Write a short note on "Energy needs of the future".
Ans: Energy in the modern world plays a very important role. Today, we cannot imagine life without energy, almost in every sector there is huge demand for energy. Population is growing day-by-day and grows the industrial sector to fulfill the demands of the people. We have been using the conventional sources of energy all these years but unfortunately this has lead to environmental pollution and many health problems. With the increase in technology, human beings have learnt to use the non-conventional sources of energy like solar, wind, etc. Although, in the initial stages usage of non-conventional sources of is very expensive but in the longer run it can prove to be very beneficial. These sources of energy are present everywhere and do not cause any pollution. In simple words, demand for energy will keep on increasing with the passage of time and we as human beings should act intelligently and innovatively to finds out new sources of energy to fulfill the demands of future generations.

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